When will we know the presidential election results? A state-by-state guide
Update: Donald Trump was projected to be the winner early Wednesday morning. Follow the latest coverage here.
Election results began coming in Tuesday night, but in many key states, it may take a while to know who has won — and much longer to get official, certified results.
There are a number of reasons it can take longer for ballots to be counted in some states, including the rise of mail-in voting, an option taken by nearly one-third of voters nationwide during the 2022 midterm elections, according to the MIT Election Lab. Some states allow mail-in ballots to be counted before Election Day, while others do not allow poll workers to start counting those ballots until in-person voting has come to an end.
CBS News considers seven states to be battleground states in the 2024 presidential election. Here's a breakdown of those states' rules around official ballot counts and certification.
Arizona
Arizona has allowed voting by mail for over two decades, and approximately 80% of voters in the state vote by mail. Ballot processing and tallying in the state can begin when the ballots are received by election workers, but results may not be released before all precincts have reported or one hour after the polls close on Election Day, whichever is sooner. Releasing information earlier is a felony in Arizona.
University of Arizona professor Christopher Weber, who leads the Arizona Voter Project, said it could be nearly two weeks before every vote is tallied in the state's most populous county.
"The polls are really close in Arizona, and Maricopa [County] is expecting 10 to 13 days to count all votes," Weber said. "I – like others – anticipate delays. Though we may have predictions beforehand, it's really difficult to say. I don't remember a time in which polling was so close."
County elections officials are responsible for the counting of ballots in federal, state and county elections, according to the state elections website. Early and provisional ballots first undergo signature verification at a county recorder's office, and counties can begin tabulating votes once early voting has begun. Most early ballots will be counted before Election Day, while those that are received on Election Day will be tabulated in the days immediately afterward.
An automatic recount is triggered if the margin of the votes between two candidates is 0.5 percentage points or fewer. Recounts may not be requested in Arizona.
Since 2020, the state has been the epicenter of a campaign among Trump supporters to undermine trust in the nation's election systems, leading elections officials in the state's largest county to erect a veritable fortress to defend the center where votes are counted.
Georgia
Absentee ballot voting in Georgia plummeted after the 2020 election, when more than 1.3 million residents availed themselves of that option. During the 2022 midterm elections, that figure was below 300,000, a figure advocates blamed on a controversial 2021 law that reduced access to ballot drop boxes, increased restrictions on mailed ballots and introduced other rules like banning food and drink distribution to voters in line by non-poll workers.
That legislation was among a string of changes implemented in the last four years by the state's Republican-dominated government. In September, Georgia's State Election Board approved a requirement that the total number of ballots be counted by hand after machines run their tallies. But that and other recently adopted rules were blocked by Georgia judges who concluded they were adopted too close to Election Day.
Emory University professor Andra Gillespie said if the race is close, once again it may take time for it to become clear who's won.
"In general, I want to prepare people for the possibility that it may take a couple of days to count, and just because it may take a couple of days, that doesn't mean people are manipulating the system," Gillespie said.
Georgia law requires that the vote be certified "not later than 5:00 P.M. on the Monday following" the election, but since this year that Monday falls on Nov. 11, Veterans Day, that deadline has been moved to the following day, Tuesday, Nov. 12.
The deadline for either candidate to request a recount is two days later, Thursday, Nov. 14. In Georgia, a losing candidate may petition for a recount when results are within 0.5% of total votes cast for the office.
Michigan
About 42% of Michigan voters cast absentee ballots in 2022, down from 59% in the 2020 presidential election, according to local news site MLive.com.
Oakland University professor David Dulio said it can be hard to predict when the state's winner will be apparent, because "elections in Michigan are very decentralized."
"Our elections are run by 1,600 different local clerks who all have to do all of that work and then send it up the chain. That has the potential to slow things down," Dulio said. He added that the state's largest city, Detroit, "is notoriously slow," and its third largest city, Warren, will not be taking advantage of a relatively new state law allowing clerks to pre-process absentee ballots up to eight days before Election Day.
County boards of canvassers have up to 14 days after the election to complete their official counts, which are then turned over to a state board. The Secretary of the Board of State Canvassers must announce a winner by Nov. 25.
In the event of a close race — with the two candidates separated by fewer than 25,000 votes — Michigan law encourages the state board to expedite its canvass "as soon as practicable."
If the candidates are within 2,000 votes, an automatic recount is triggered, but it must be completed within 30 days of the election.
Nevada
Beginning in 2022, Nevada became one of eight states to conduct all-mail elections, in which every citizen is delivered a vote-by-mail ballot with a pre-paid postage, though in-person voting at polling locations is also allowed.
The state's board of county commissioners is required to complete county-level canvasses by Nov. 15, which is 10 days after the election.
Sondra Cosgrove, a professor at the College of Southern Nevada who runs the nonprofit Vote Nevada, said it shouldn't take quite that long to know who's won.
"We are assuming we will know by November 9," Cosgrove said.
Either candidate can demand a recount by Nov. 18, and that recount must begin within a day and be completed within five days, Nov. 24 at the latest. That's because on the fourth Tuesday of the month — Nov. 26 — the secretary of state is required to meet with Nevada's Supreme Court justices to conduct a statewide canvass. The governor then certifies the election.
North Carolina
This year, both turnout and ballot processing in North Carolina could be impacted by the destruction of Hurricane Helene. The storm wreaked havoc across wide swaths of the western half of the state in late September, displacing residents and destroying infrastructure, including polling locations.
The North Carolina State Board of Elections approved emergency measures on Oct. 7 with the goal of improving access to voting for residents of 13 counties affected by the storm.
County election boards are required by state law in North Carolina to meet at 11 a.m. on Nov. 15 to complete their canvases. The State Board of Elections is required to meet on the Tuesday three weeks after the election, Nov. 26. If there are no protests to the results, that board must issue a certification of the election six days later.
A mandatory recount is triggered if the two candidates are separated by less than half a percent, and one of the candidates formally requests to have the votes counted again. That request must be made by noon on Nov. 17, two days after the county-level canvass.
Pennsylvania
Under Pennsylvania law, counties cannot begin counting mail-in and absentee ballots until 7 a.m. on Election Day. In 2020, that was the beginning of a laborious process to log more than 2.7 million votes returned by mail. Full returns are processed beginning at 9 a.m. on the third day after the election, or Nov. 8 this year.
The state, viewed by many as a crucial must-win for both candidates, was beset by lawsuits in 2020 — most of which were dismissed or dropped — as Trump and his allies sought to stymie his growing deficit in the hours and days after polls closed and ballots were counted.
This year, Pennsylvania's Supreme Court in August issued an order expediting election-related cases. The order shortened the window in which a lower court decision can be appealed, from 10 days to three.
University of Pennsylvania professor Marc Meredith said the vast majority of ballots will be counted relatively quickly.
"We'll get our first vote reports from many counties quite quickly after polls close. These will often be all of the mail ballots that people were able to get through by then," Meredith said. "Nearly all Election Day votes should mostly be reported by early Wednesday morning."
But if the race is as close as expected, it could hinge on votes that are slower to tally.
"Provisional ballots typically are reported out in smaller counties on Thursday through Monday in the larger counties," Meredith said.
A recount and recanvass is automatically triggered in the state if the unofficial election returns, due by Nov. 12, show the candidates separated by less than 0.5%. The recount would be required to be completed by Nov. 26.
Wisconsin
Barry Burden, Director of the University of Wisconsin's Elections Research Center, said, "typically 2 to 2 ½ hours after polls close, we start to get a pretty good picture of the state," but he noted Milwaukee takes longer.
"It's the biggest city, and it has the most ballots, and it also counts absentee ballots at a central location," Burden said. "That'll be after midnight, 1 (a.m.) or 2 a.m."
Most town and city clerks in Wisconsin are required to deliver tallies to their county clerks by 4 p.m. the day after the election, or by 4 p.m. the next day if the municipality uses a municipal board of absentee ballot canvassers to canvass absentee ballots.
And a county board of canvassers has until Nov. 19 to deliver certified vote statements to the Wisconsin Elections Commission. The chair of that commission is required to certify the election by Dec. 1, according to state law.
After the final county is delivered its results to the commission, a candidate can seek a recount if the race is within 1%.